Guides

The essentials of fundamental analysis, explained without jargon and with examples. Learn to read a company by its numbers and to make good use of the tool.

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01Fundamental analysis: what it is and how to start
The method for judging a company by its numbers —profits, debt, margins— instead of by market noise.
Updated · June 2026
02The P/E ratio: what it is and how to read it
The most-used multiple to tell whether a stock is expensive: how many years of profit you're paying for.
Updated · June 2026
03How to tell if a stock is cheap or expensive
A $500 stock can be cheap and a $5 one wildly expensive. The key isn't the price, but what you get for it.
Updated · June 2026
04ROE: what it is and why it matters
It measures how much profit a company squeezes from each dollar of its shareholders. The mark of a good business.
Updated · June 2026
05ROIC: what it is and why it corrects ROE
The return on the capital the business actually employs. Unlike ROE, buybacks don't inflate it.
Updated · July 2026
06Net margin: what it is and how to read it
Of every dollar it sells, how much does it keep as profit? The most direct measure of whether a business is profitable.
Updated · June 2026
07EBITDA: what it is, what it's for, and its traps
Earnings before interest, taxes and depreciation. Useful for comparing, but it's not cash or real profit.
Updated · June 2026
08Free cash flow (FCF): what it is and why it matters
The real money left after paying expenses and investments. Harder to dress up than profit.
Updated · June 2026
09EPS (earnings per share): what it is and what it's for
How much profit belongs to each share. It's the piece that, together with price, forms the P/E.
Updated · June 2026
10How to analyze a bank (and why it's not measured like other companies)
For a bank, debt isn't a risk: it's the raw material. That's why it's measured differently.
Updated · June 2026
11AI stocks: the companies behind the artificial intelligence boom
From the chips to the electricity that powers them: who sits in each layer of the AI boom, and how to tell if they're already expensive.
Updated · June 2026
12How to analyze an AI stock: real business or just hype?
A great AI story can be a mediocre investment. Here's how to separate the real business from the narrative, with numbers.
Updated · June 2026
13Is there an AI bubble? What the numbers say
Not all AI stocks are equally expensive. A bubble isn't judged by the noise, but by the multiples.
Updated · June 2026
14AI chips explained: GPUs, HBM and why NVIDIA dominates
Why AI needs different chips, what HBM memory is, and why NVIDIA's moat is as much software as silicon.
Updated · June 2026
15Investing in AI beyond NVIDIA: energy and infrastructure
The AI boom isn't just NVIDIA. The servers, the networking and the electricity that powers it all play too.
Updated · June 2026
16Dividends and dividend yield: what they are
The share of profit a company pays out in cash to shareholders. How to measure it and when to be wary.
Updated · June 2026
17The payout ratio: what it is and why it matters for dividends
What share of profit is paid out as dividends. The key to whether that dividend is sustainable.
Updated · June 2026
18Market cap: what it is and what it's for
The total value of a company on the stock market. Why size matters, not the price of a single share.
Updated · June 2026
19The price-to-sales ratio (P/S): what it is and when to use it
The multiple that looks at sales instead of profit. Useful when a company doesn't make money yet.
Updated · June 2026
20How to buy stocks online, step by step
From zero to your first stock: a regulated broker, an account opened in minutes and the order placed right.
Updated · July 2026
21CEDEARs: what they are and how they work
The vehicle Argentina uses to invest in Apple or Coca-Cola in pesos: how it works and its fine print.
Updated · July 2026